The Seven Churches of Revelation
- Ephesus: Revelation 1:11; 2:1-7; Acts 18:19-28; 19:1-41;
- Ephesians Smyrna : Revelation 2:8-11
- Pergamon : Revelation 2:12-17
- Thyatira: Revelation 2:18-29; Acts 16:14
- Sardis : Revelation 3:1-6
- Philadelphia: Revelation 3:7-13
- Laodicea : Revelation 3:14-22; Colossians 2:1; 4:13-16
The Seven Churches mentioned in The Revelation of Apostle John have long held a unique place among the sites to be visited in Asia Minor. It is generally thought that these seven were more a symbolic idea than a limited number needing immediate encouragement and admonition. But the impress of the apocalyptic message has given these particular churches qualities of both obscurity and importance which theologians are still struggling to interpret.
The places are well-known; all are close to izmir and can be reached easily by public or private transportation. It is possible that the cities are named in the order of a regular circuit made by a messenger for the churches. Each is within a two or three day trip of the one before by horseback, given good travelling conditions; the longest stretch is the last leg between Laodicea and Ephesus. The seven could be visited in the order they are addressed without much retracing of one’s steps.
Three are still living cities: Smyrna (izmir), Philadelphia (Alasehir), and Thyatira (Akhisar). Bergama Is just to the side of Pergamum, Goncali is below the hills of Laodicea, and the village of Sartmustafa is close to Sardis. Three, Ephesus, Thyatira, and Laodicea, are mentioned elsewhere in the New Testament. Of the seven, Ephesus gives the visitor today the fullest sense of a complex, bustling metropolis at the turn of the Christian area. All have been studied by archeologists, but today active excavations are not being carried on in Smyrna or Philadelphia. The work in the others varies according to funds and scholars available, possibility of important finds, complications with buildings currently in use on the sites, and many similar problems. Philadelphia and Thyatira show little of their Roman oackgrounds; most of the building stones that may have made churches or theaters have been used so often for other purposes in the places that have been inhabited recently that their original identifying character has worn off or been defaced.
In the Roman Empire at certain periods of the first century all citizens were required to worship past and present emperors and also Roma, the female personification of Rome. Since most of the earliest Christians had been Jews and since Jews were exempt from bowing to Roman gods, these first Christians were also exempt. But as Christianity spread among the Gentiles, most Christians by the end of that century were not Jews. The religion of Jesus by then had become separate from Judaism. As pressure on the followers of Jesus to worship the Roman gods increased, more and more Christians were unable to bear the persecution and so fell away from their faith. Because of this the best evidence for the date of the writing of Revelation points to the last year or two of the reign of Domitlan (81-96 AD.) when persecution both in Rome and in the eastern provinces was not infrequent.
The author of Revelation, John, seems to have written expecting his work to be read aloud, not only in the seven churches he addressed but also throughout the area. He intended to be understood by the congregations as he also seems to have understood details in each of their backgrounds: the gleaming sun god of Thyatira, the famous ointment of Laodicea. His purpose was to prevent the disintegration of Christianity by clarifying and sharpening the alternatives facing Christians then: the choices of worshipping Caesar or God. It is possible that he intentionally used the apocalyptic form of literature because he believed that that would be the most persuasive for his audience. He promised that, although the powers of evil are now in control of human affairs, God will intervene and overcome them to the glory of His name and the salvation of the faithful. John wished to make Christian martydom surpassingly attractive and the eternal punishment of paganism or apostacism irrefutable. For many people then, and even today, he succeeded.
Seven Churches of Revelation,
“I saw seven golden candlesticks; And in the midst of the seven candlesticks one like unto the Son of Man. And he had in his right hand seven stars. “I am he that liveth, and was dead; and behold, I am alive for evermore. The mystery of the seven stars which thou sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden candlesticks: “The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches: and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches.” Rev. 1: 12-20
By the same author:
THE KINGDOM OF GOD, 1961
THE FAITH OF OUR FATHERS, 1963
SACRIFICE IN THE PLAN OF GOD, 1967
A CONFIRMATION OF THE TRUE BIBLE CHRONOLOGY, 1971
FOREGLEAMS OF THE MESSIAH, 1982
THE BIBLICAL PROPHETIC YEAR, 1983
THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF REVELATION
THEIR PLACEMENT ON THE STREAM OF TIME
Based on: Prophetic Character of the Messages Identity of the Special Messengers Key Events of Church History Charles F. Redeker 1989
ZIONS TOWER of the MORNING TRACT PUBLICATIONS P. 0. Box 28021 Detroit, Michigan 48228
Acknowledgments
In addition to those brethren whose views were solicited and incorporated into this project, the author wishes to thank the following: Michael Koterba, Ed Lame[, and John Trzyna for supplying helpful leads and information; Harold Burkholder for a useful hand-drawn map of part of the ancient world; Michael Nekora for hours of labor and technical know-how in converting the tables, chart, and script into an attractive, readable format via the modern computer; and David Doran for his effervescent enthusiasm which served as the catalyst for this study. Also, my dear wife Elaine deserves special appreciation for her tireless labors in checking and typing the manuscript, for constructive suggestions to improve both its form and content, and for contributing an appropriate poem, Finally the publisher, Charles L. Thornton, is due thanks for his help in bringing the entire project to completion 7
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Introduction
The seven churches of Revelation, as described in chapters two and three of that Book, have intrigued Bible expositors down through the age. Were the messages to these churches intended mainly for the congregations to which they were sent during the apostolic period? Were they intended to be instructive in a general way to the church worldwide in every period of its development? Or were they actually prophetic of Seven Historical Ages of the church, with each successive stage reflecting the conditions and characteristics ascribed to the original churches?
Most believers have concluded that truth is found in all these possibilities: that the messages were designed for the original congregations, as well as generally throughout the age, and chronologically through seven major periods of church history. Nevertheless, the latter view seems to receive particular emphasis from the widely held belief that the Book of Revelation is a forecast of unfolding church history, both good and bad, of the false church as well as the true, from the apostle’s day all the way to the end of the age. This conception views the Book as a panorama of colorful pictures portraying the successive development of the church through struggles in a hostile world, near extinction by the rise of apostate elements, gradual recovery to an active role, and a final triumph after tumultuous end-time experiences
Such an historical interpretation of the theme of Revelation, which has held almost universal sway until just recent times, neatly complements the particular view of the seven churches representing seven distinct stages in the development of the church. It also serves to heighten the expectation of the Bible student to find substantiation for such an understanding in a correlation of the pages of history with the apocalyptic utterances
It has been pointed out by church historians that many, if not most, of the various expositors of the prophecies who lived throughout the Christian era, applied the messages of the seven churches to progressive stages of church history. For example, L. E. Froom, in The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers, wrote: ”
hundreds of students of prophecy down through the centuries [taught] that the seven churches of Revelation 2 and 3 represent the condition of the church during the various periods comprising the Christian Era-as Ephesus, for the apostolic age; Sardis, in the eighteenth century; and Laodicea, the ‘remnant’ church at the end of the age ” 1 ____________________________________________
1 L. E. Froom, The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers, Vol. IV, p. 1144
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He stated further that in the post-Reformation period, there was ” virtual universal acceptance” by prophetic expositors of “the seven churches, seals, and trumpets [as] covering the Christian Era [of historical development] ” 2 E. B. Elliott, who is considered to be a leading historicist of the 19th century, could not himself accept the progressive aspect of the messages. Yet he was quite willing to acknowledge that such a view was indeed held “by not a few commentators,” both in former ages and in his day. 3 R. E. Streeter, in his work on Revelation, wrote: “We again emphasize the fact of the very wide and general application of the [messages of the seven churches] to all the generations of the Church’s history, both individually and collectively. However, the facts of history themselves have proved beyond any reasonable doubt that the peculiar characteristics described of each of these Churches, fit exactly seven distinct, successive epochs of the history of the Church in the order mentioned, which establishes the prophetic character of the messages themselves; in the measure that we become familiar with the history of these seven epochs, we will be able to see a most remarkable fulfilment of the messages. Their prophetic character has been recognized by many, if not by nearly all of the expositors who have written on the Revelation for the past two centuries ” 4 From statements such as these, it appears evident that a sizeable number of students of Revelation through the centuries have recognized the prophetic and progressive aspect of the messages. Nevertheless, there is no excitement or satisfaction of intellect that can match individual discovery of facts. This raised the challenge of finding a way to permit the average interested reader to scan the pages of church history and test the thesis that there was indeed a recognizable pattern of events that made up seven distinct eras
The method settled upon was to construct a table of key events of church history, so organized as to compare the highlights of sequential events with the character of the messages to the churches. Thus Table A permits such a ready comparison: The first column summarizes the message to each church and gives the commonly accepted definition for its name; the middle column provides a brief biographical sketch of the individual most generally selected as the messenger (“angel,” special teacher or overseer) for each period; and the last column summarizes key events that transpired in the two thousand year history of the church
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2 Froom, op. cit , p. 206
3 E. B. Elliott, Horae Apocalypticae, p. 76
4 R. E. Streeter, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, Vol. 1, p. 112
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It should be understood that the placement of events on each sheet of Table A is not intended to correspond precisely with the messenger and church of that period. Rather, it is merely an arrangement that makes it convenient for the reader to exercise his own judgment in recognizing any possible correlations, as discussed above
In Section Two, Tables B and C were constructed in a more specific way to show how selected Bible expositors of the past and present have correlated these events. Table B offers the condensed views of earlier authorities, while Table C and its supplement summarize those of contemporary Bible Students. The reader will note various areas of similarity and concurrence and the emergence of a majority or traditional view. (Our own comments and views are reserved -for the closing section ) And finally, a summary table and chart were drawn to approximate the placement of the seven churches and their messengers on the stream of history
These represent a composite of the traditional views and provide a quick visual reference for the reader
We trust that this arrangement of material will offer new insights and encouragements along these lines: (a) Highlighting the praises, admonitions and special promises to the churches
(b) Reviewing the lives of certain defenders of the faith who were raised up by God during critical times in the development of the church
(c) Condensing the key events of church history that occurred over the long span of the Gospel Age to permit trends and developments to be noted which might otherwise be obscured
(d) Appreciating the dramatic correlation of Bible time prophecies with specific, datable events of history
(e) Noting the relative lengths of the seven stages of the church during the Gospel Age and the placement of the ministries of the messengers within those periods
(f) And lastly, underscoring the thrilling reality and significance of our present position in the seventh and final stage of the church-living at the threshold of the full establishment of the long-promised Kingdom of God
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Section One -Characteristics of the Seven Churches, Messengers, and Key Events of Church History Table A: Churches, Messengers, and Key Events of Church History
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\$Church #1\$
Church Name & Characteristics Messenger
1. Ephesus Apostle Paul (Rev. 2:1-7) (d. 64 AD) Name means: “First, desirable ”
Mingled praise and blame: the believers labored tirelessly in spreading the gospel and did not grow weary in their truth ac-tivities
They patiently endured suffering for Christ and opposed wicked men and imposters (those claiming the authority of the original apostles). They were especially commended for detesting the Nicolaitanes (those promoting a clergy class, with varying degrees of honor and lordship, contrary to the divine arrangement)
Nevertheless they were charged with having lost their first love for the Lord (implying some loss of energy and zeal for the truth). They were strongly urged to repent and to recover their enthusiasm and early works (including a spirit of total dedication to the Lord). Unless repentant, they were warned that their candlestick (privilege of being light-bearers) would be removed from its place
The overcomer was promised he would eat of the tree of life, in the midst of the paradise of God (to partake of life eternal in the glorious estate of close association with God)
Brilliant converted Pharisee who became the apostle to the Gentiles, the greatest logician of the Christian faith and the mainstay of the early church. His birth as a Roman citizen, knowledge of Greek culture and training in orthodox Judaism afforded a providential background for his special ministry. He was of keen intellect, tremendous drive, lofty principle and impeccable integrity
He fiercely persecuted the earliest Christians until miraculously converted by a glimpse of the risen Christ (Acts 9:3-7, 26, 27); then was chosen to bear the Lord’s name before the Gentiles (Acts 9:15). Along with Barnabas, he became the first missionary, beginning in Cyprus and later throughout most of the Mediterranean world. He preached with boldness and energy and endured much suffering and opposition (2 Cor. 11:23-28)
Employing his skills as orator and teacher with tact and insight, he won many converts to Christ
Paul became burdened with the care of all the churches and diligently promoted their unity and welfare (Eph. 4:1-7, 11-15). He was given special visions by God (2 Cor. 12:1-7) and was recognized as functioning with divine authority (Gal. 2:6-9). He authored most of the New Testament books, setting forth the basics of Christian belief and practice. He taught that salvation was by the grace of God, made possible by faith in Christ and his atoning sacrifice (Rom. 1:16; 5:1,2). His outstanding achievements firmly planted Christianity in the Greco-Roman world and furnished it with much of its essential biblical foundation
Table A: Churches, Messengers, and Key Events of Church History Historical Events
33 AD – Pentecost: Holy Spirit descended upon believers in Jerusalem. 35 – Saul of Tarsus converted on way to Damascus
36 – Gospel first preached to Gentiles (but still spread largely among Jews)
40 – Antioch Church took lead in spreading Gospel to Gentiles as well as Jews
44 – Martyrdom of James by King Herod Agrippa 1
47-49 – Paul’s first missionary journey. Sent out from Antioch with Bamabas to Cyprus and Asia Minor
49 – Emperor Claudius expelled Jews from Rome to quell disturbance arising from disputations about Jesus. Christianity gained foothold in city
50 – Jerusalem conference of Peter, Paul, James, Bamabas and others. Lifted circumcision and other requirements of Jewish Law from Gentile believers
51-53 – Paul’s second journey. With Silas and later Timothy, he established churches throughout Greece: Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea and Corinth
53-56 – Paul’s third journey. He ministered at length in Ephesus, along with Aquila and Priscilla. City became leading center of Christian world
58-60 – Paul defended himself before Felix, governor of Judea; then again before his successor Festus and King Herod Agrippa 11, while prisoner at Caesarea
61-63 – Paul imprisoned at Rome; house arrest permitted some witnessing
64 – Christians in Rome accused of setting great fire; persecuted by Nero. Martyrdom of Paul and Peter
66 – Flight of Christians from Jerusalem to Pella at start of Jewish revolt
67 – Josephus surrendered Jewish forces to Romans; he was protected and favored by Vespasian, who later became emperor
70 – Jerusalem destroyed by Romans. Temple razed, except “Wailing Wall”; priesthood and Sanhedrin abolished; Jews scattered
– Early Gospel accounts and epistles of Paul started to circulate in Syria, Egypt and Asia Minor
75 – Early rise of sects, such as Docetists, Nicolaitans, Nazarenes and Ebionites
93 – Emperor Domitian’s persecution of Christians
95 – Epistle of Clement, Roman presbyter, to Church of Corinth; a plea for unity and discipline
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\$Church #2\$
Table A: Churches, Messengers, and Key Events of Church History
Church Name & Characteristics Messenger
2. Smyrna Apostle John (Rev. 2:8-11) (d. 100 AD) “Bitter ”
Highly praised without any reproof whatever: the believers suffered much tribulation, some were imprisoned, all were persecuted for “ten days” (ten years of especially bitter persecution under Emperor Diocletian). Though severely tried and tested, they provided some of the most illustrious examples of Christian faithfulness and endurance of any period of church history
They were also slandered by false brethren of “the synagogue of Satan” (those ensnared by the defiling spirit of the Adversary). Through it all, they were counseled not to fear but to “be faithful unto death” (holding fast the conviction of their faith in full submission to the will of God to the very end); and thereby they were ultimately to receive “the crown of life” (life on the highest plane, immortality, the highest reward held out in the universe)
The overcomer was promised further that he would not be hurt of the second death (be punished by everlasting de-struction from which there is no resurrection-the final’disposition of the incorrigible and willfully disobedient)
One of the original twelve apostles who, with his brother James and Peter , composed the inner circle closest to Jesus. A fisherman with impulsive temperament, he was surnamed “Son of Thunder ” His early rash and selfish behavior (he and his brother desired chief places in the Kingdom) gave way to gentleness and kindly love
John is depicted in the Gospels as greatly loved by Jesus and present on many significant occasions: the Transfiguration scene, at our Lord’s Great Prophecy, at his side at the final Passover and in Gethsemane. Although he fled with others when Jesus was arrested, he regained courage to attend the trial and stood near Jesus at the cross. He and Peter were among the first at the empty tomb and are prominent in post-resurrection scenes
They later actively spread the faith despite strong opposition (Acts 4)
John is referred to by Paul as a pillar of the early church (Gal. 2:9). He remained loyal and zealous in defense of truth and endured much suffering as the last apostle (Rev. 1:2,9). During his exile on Patmos, he received in vision the Book of Revelation. He also wrote four other books of the New Testament: his gospel, depicting the close-ness of the Father and the Son (John chapters 1, 5, and 17) and the vital role of Jesus as the source of life (John 3:14-17; chap. 6); and his three letters emphasizing righteousness, love, and walking in the light (1 John 1:5-9; 4:7-12)
John’s life and writings were a source of great strength and encouragement to the believers during periods of intense pagan persecution
Historical Events
96 AD – Book of Revelation completed by John. 100 – Death of John, last of the twelve apostles
lst century – Truth held in purity and simplicity; conflicts with Jewish beliefs and false teachers; faith spread zealously into Mediterranean world and Roman Empire; periodic persecutions by Roman emperors began
67-110 – Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch. Wrote letters to churches detailing early beliefs and exhorting to faith. Emphasized role of bishop as district leader of church, worthy of respect and obedience. Martyred in arena at Rome by Emperor Trajan
69-156 – Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, pupil of John. Resisted efforts of Roman bishop Anicetus to change observance of Eucharist from 14th day. Martyred at age 86
100-167 – Justin Martyr. Brilliant orator, writer and defender of early Christianity against pagan philosophies. Emphasized moral teachings of Jesus. Slain at Rome
180 – Celsus, powerful early opponent of Christianity. Criticized its pacifism and lack of support for Empire
130-200 – Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons. Defended apostolic tradition. Countered inroads of Gnostics and Greeks. The first to systematize beliefs. Restrained Roman bishop Victor I from enforcing Easter date on Christians at Antioch, citing validity of ancient custom
2nd century – Faith spread mostly among non-Jews in cities; doctrinal errors began to a@; Christians began to attract public notice as they deserted temples, rejected pagan festivals and demonstrated strict moral code; led to bitter persecution and ostracism
160-220 – Tertullian. Converted lawyer became outstanding theologian and defender of faith
Rejected all philosophy as heresy. Looked for imminent Second Coming of Christ, refuted power of priests to forgive sins and preached fasting and prayer
185-254 – Origen. Most learned man of early church. Quoted two-thirds of New Testament in vast writings. Defended pacifism. Died after torture
250 – Emperor Decius’ widespread persecutions. Attempted to restore religious customs of ancient Rome
3rd century – Rapid growth of Christianity rivaled that of Empire but beliefs were corrupted; clergy gained titles and prestige; ceremonies took on pomp and splendor; sporadic persecutions continued
303-313 – Emperor Diocletian’s intense ten-year persecution of Christians
Final attempt to revive the old religion and strengthen the Empire
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\$Church #3\$
3. Pergamos (Rev. 2:12-17)
Church Name & Characteristics Messenger
2. Pergamos Arius (Rev. 2:12-17) (c. 250-336 AD) “Earthly elevation ”
Mingled praise and blame: the believers were zealous in their good works and held firmly to Jesus’ name; they did not renounce their faith even in the face of mounting persecution. They opposed the rise of apostasy, for which they were commended under the symbol of “my faithful martyr Antipas” (meaning “against the fathers” or popes), even as the church grew in worldly prestige
But some succumbed to the doctrine of Balaam, enticing them to eat food sacrificed to idols (to accept pagan distor-tions of the truth in the creeds), to spiritual immorality (improper relation of church to state) and to the teachings of the Nicolaitanes (lordship in the church)
For allowing these conditions to develop they were urged to repent, lest the Lord himself come unto them wielding the sword of his mouth (the sharp cutting edge of doctrinal truth) against the corrupters of the faith
The overcomer was promised he would eat of the hidden manna (be rewarded with immortality) and receive a white stone with a new name on it (a special token of the Lord’s intimate favor)
Presbyter of Alexandria, Egypt, widely acclaimed for his scholarly, ascetic and morally exemplary life. He was educated in the renowned theological school of Antioch under the scholar Lucian
Opposed to lordship in the church, he humbly declined the offer of becoming bishop of Alexandria
Arius became chief spokesman for the early church view of the pre-eminence of the Heavenly Father above all other beings. He resisted the efforts of churchmen such as Alexander and Athanasius to equate Jesus with God. He believed the Bible taught that Jesus was to be highly esteemed above men and angels and worshipped as the son of God, but entirely separate from God the Father. He considered the Son to be the direct creation of God, not co-etemal, coequal or identical in substance: “There was a time when the Son was not; he was made, like all creatures, of a substance that had not previously existed ”
Arius attracted a large following through his teaching but managed to antagonize opposing clerics. His principal work, Thalia (“The Banquet”), set out his doctrine in prose and poetry. He also wrote verse and hymns that popularized his views among the common people
In 321 he was excommunicated by a synod convened by Alexander, the ruling patriarch. Yet his views were endorsed by many in the church, including Eusebius of Nicomedia, the most influential bishop of the East. As the dispute escalated to threaten the unity of the Empire, the Emperor Constantine convened the Council of Nicea in 325 to settle the matter
Arius (continued)
At the Council, the emperor himself took a leading role, although it is doubtful that he could have comprehended the theological points at issue
Essentially a politician, he concluded that the Alexandrian view was the most expedient. He therefore forced its adoption upon the Council and threatened loss of position to any who disagreed
The Council decreed that Christ was “begotten, not made,” and “of one essence with the Father ”
“Begotten” was understood to mean that Christ possessed the very nature and substance of the Father, and not that he had been created by God from nothing. Only Arius and two bishops refused to sign the Creed; all three were banished
Undaunted, Arius composed a rival creed to that of Nicea which so impressed Constantine that he was recalled. But on the very day of his installation ceremony in Constantinople, Arius died suddenly under suspicious circumstances, leading his friends to suspect he had been poisoned
The Arian controversy is considered to be the most fundamental dispute in the history of the church
It was not officially resolved until more than 50 years after Arius’ death, when the Trinity view finally emerged as the orthodox position. But his teachings lingered, particularly in the Germanic tribes that later invaded the Empire
Subsequently, they continued to find expression in minority groups of the church and have survived to our day
Historical Events
312 AD – Arius, presbyter of AJexandria, Egypt; defended early church view of Christ as created Son of God, not coequal or coetemal with the Father
313 – Edict of Milan: decreed religious toleration for all; restored confiscated property to Christians
321 – Constantine forbade work on the Sabbath day which he endorsed as being Sunday
325 – Council of Nicea: convened by Constantine to resolve “Arian controversy ” Under pressure from emperor, it concluded that Christ and God were equal. Arius was condemned and banished
264-340 – Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea. Father of church history. Prolific writer. Catalogued New Testament books. Steered middle course at Nicea
(?)-342 – Eusebius of Nicomedia. Strong supporter of Arius. Headed Arian party of 20 bishops at Nicea Council. Became Patriarch of Constantinople
354 – Capital of Empire moved from Rome to Constantinople. Enhanced prestige of Roman bishop who became protector of people in place of emperor
375 – Veneration of angels and dead saints introduced
380 – Theodosius decreed Christianity compulsory and destroyed pagan temples. Magnificent churches built
394 – The Mass as a daily celebration introduced
4th century – Widespread doctrinal controversies. Adoption of Christianity as state religion opened floodgates of corruption
340-420 – St. Jerome. Learned Catholic scholar. Author of Vulgate translation of Bible from original tongues into Latin; omitted Apocryphal books
354-430 – St. Augustine, distinguished bishop of N. Africa. Single most influential theologian who molded doctrines of church. His “City of God” treatise encouraged rise of hierarchy under papal control
431 – Council of Ephesus. Termed Mary “the Mother of God ” Deposed Nestorius, Bishop of Constantinople
440-461 – Reign of Pope Leo (the Great). Founder of medieval papacy who forged it into a respected power. Regarded heresy as “crime against society” punishable by death
445 – Emperor Valentinian III recognized the Roman Bishop as head of Western Church
476 – Fall of Rome ended the Western Empire (first hom of Daniel 7:8)
Historical Events
5th century – Political events combined to enhance prestige of Bishop of Rome
500 – Catholic priests began to wear distinctive garb
533 – Emperor Justinian acknowledged the Roman bishop as head of all churches
539 – Ostrogoths (third horn of Daniel 7:8) defeated at Ravenna. A hollow victory for the emperor since he could not effectively rule Italy from Constantinople. Left power vacuum for papacy to fill-the rise of “little horn” of Dan. 7:8. Start of 1260, 1290, and 1335 days of Daniel 12
554 – Pope’s temporal authority confirmed by Justinian
590-604 – Reign of Gregory I (the Great). Considered first real pope, controlled all of western churches and consolidated power of papacy in Europe. Systematized its theology and perfected its liturgy; introduced doctrine of purgatory
6th century – Events continued to favor rise of papal power in secular and religious areas
732 – Battle of Tours, France. Moslems defeated decisively; Europe saved from Mohammedanism
754 – Pepin, King of Franks, conquered Lombards. By giving their lands (much of Italy) to the pope, he elevated the pontiff to an earthly king with “Papal States,” until 1870
786 – Worship of images and the cross authorized
800 – Charlemagne crowned “Roman Emperor” by Pope Leo Ill. His reign over Roman and Frank realms blessed in return for his recognition of “Papal States ” The emperor’s strong rule and mutual ties raised papacy to world power and began “papal millennium ”
858 – Boastful reign of Pope Nicholas 1. Claimed rulership over civil govemments as well as the church
870-1050 – “Midnight of Dark Ages ” Bribery, corruption, immorality and bloodshed made it darkest period of papal degradation
1000 – The millennium from supposed birth date of Christ. Raised fear of judgment and end of world throughout Christian lands
1054 – Split of Eastern and Western Churches over issue of headship. Patriarch of Constantinople refuted claims of pope in Rome
1073 – Reign of Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand). Viewed pope as absolute sovereign of world with all classes subject to him. Attempted reform of clergy, especially regarding immorality and simony (purchasing of office). Decreed celibacy of priesthood
1090 – Rosary (praying with beads) introduced
Church Name & Characteristics Messenger
4. Thyatira Peter Waldo (Rev. 2:18-29) (d. 1217) “Sweet perfume of sacrifice ”
Mingled praise and blame: the believers were loving, faithful, active and patient in their service. They were especially commended for their patient endurance in their abundant works, “the last more than the first” (a seeming reference to their loyalty and endurance under the severe stresses of the reign of the apostate church). They were further encouraged to “hold fast to what you have until I come ”
But some tolerated Jezebel and her false and immoral teachings, likened to “the depths of Satan” (the false church at the height of its power and corruption)
Especially condemned were encouraging fornication (worldly affiliations) and “eating food sacrificed to idols” (inculcating pagan concepts introduced into the church). They were warned that Jezebel (the corrupt mother church), her lovers (kingdoms of this world) and her children (offshoot churches) all would be condemned unless repentant
The overcomer was promised power to rule over the nations “with a rod of iron” and to receive “the morning star” (be intimately associated with Christ in glory)
Rich merchant of Lyons, France, who devoted his life to advancing true piety and Christian knowledge. In 1160 he had portions of the Bible translated into the common tongue, then zealously began to preach the newfound truths
In 1173 he began methodically distributing his wealth to the poor
Noting discrepancies with the Roman church and excesses of its clergy, he openly criticized them at the peril of his life. He rejected all nonbiblical elements of worship, such as purgatory, adoration of saints, images, indulgences and prayers for the dead. He opposed the entire sacerdotal system on the grounds that priestly functions were not derived from ordination but from individual faithfulness
Waldo advocated a simple life-style, unen-cumbered with church organization or hierarchy
In 1179 he formed a lay order of evangelists composed of propertyless and celibate men, known as “The Poor Men of Lyons ” These traveled in pairs and preached openly from the Scriptures
They were opposed by the local archbishop, cen-sured by the Third Lateran Council (1179), and condemned by Pope Innocent III and the Verona Council (1184)
The Waldensians fled into Italy and the AJps and eventually spread their faith throughout Europe, determined “to obey God rather than men ” They were the first to make widely effective use of the vernacular Bible in preaching, shining out as a beacon on a mountain top during a very dark age
Despite intense persecution, some of Waldo’s followers survived to the time of the Reformation
Historical Events
1096-1291 AD – Crusades. Forceful efforts to free Holy Land from ruthless Islamic rule. All classes of society conscripted by Pope Urban 11 to join movement. Successful at first, but could not permanently stem tide of Mohammedanism that swept over Asia Minor
1122 – Concordat of Worms. Worked out compromise of power between papacy and civil rulers
1157 – Early beginning of Waidensian movement (France). Called for return to simple life of the Gospels. Criticized church pomp and wealth and all non-biblical practices; later opposed entire priestly system
1160 – Waldo produced first translation of Bible in modem language (French)
1163 – Council of Tours. Decreed that heretics were to be tracked down, imprisoned and their property confiscated
1179 – Third Lateran Council. Pronounced Anathema against Ajbigensian heretics; censured Waldo for sending out lay preachers
1184 – Council of Verona. Decreed that both heretics and those protecting them were to be condemned, exiled and their property confiscated
1198-1216 – Reign of Innocent III, most powerful of all popes. Claimed title ‘Vicar of Christ” and right to depose kings. Outranked all civil rulers of his day. Defended church dogmas and forbade reading of Bible in common tongue. Father of Inquisition-church court for detection and punishment of heretics. Ordered mass extermination of Albigenses
1229 – Council of Toulouse. Commissioned papal Inquisition. Sanctioned terrorism against Protestants and required Catholics to vigorously persecute heretics. Gave authority to destroy meeting places, accept anonymous accusations, use torture to secure confessions, confiscate goods and slay with sword or fire. Banned possession of Bible by laymen
1231 – Pope Gregory IX decreed that heretics were to be handed over to the secular power for “the punishment they deserved”-death at the stake; repentant heretics to be imprisoned for life
1305 – Pope Clement V gave Inquisition powers to King Philip IV of France, which he used to inflict torture and destruction on the Knights Templar
– Dante, shocked by what he found in a visit to Rome, termed the Vatican – ‘sewer of corruption” and assigned popes of his day to lowest parts of hell
Church Name & Characteristics Messenger
5. Sardis John Wycliffe (Rev. 3:1-6) (1320-1384) “Remnant; that which remains ”
Strongly condemned: only a few believers were worthy and deserving, with undefiled garments. The majority had fallen asleep spiritually, or died; into their works were not found fulfilled before God
They were urged to arouse themselves, to be watchful, repentant and to strengthen “the things which remain, that are ready to die;” otherwise the Lord would come upon them “as a thief” (by surprise). They were counseled to recall what they had learned, receive the lessons into obedient hearts, and to “hold fast ”
The overcomer was promised to be clothed in white raiment (symbol of purity and righteousness) and to walk with Jesus (as an intimate companion)
His name would be confessed (commended) before the Father and the angels, and not be blotted out of the book of life (the record of the elect whose names are written in heaven)
Brilliant English scholar, Oxford professor and statesman . In 1366 his early concerns with the practical abuses of papacy, such as its unjust taxation policies and interference in secular affairs, brought him into public view. Later, in discovering the Bible to be the sole guide for Christian faith, he was brought open conflict with papacy along a broad front
By 1378 he evolved a system of doctrine that undermined the whole structure of the church. In pamphlets and lectures he attacked historical papal claims in both religious and secular spheres. He opposed church hierarchy, the system of priesthood, indulgences, confession, penance, veneration of images and transubstantiation. His teachings raised the wrath of the clergy but found popular support across all classes. He became one of the greatest and boldest of the reformers, highly admired at home and abroad. Wycliffe was exemplary in his purity of life, his zeal for biblical truth and his courage in defending it. His continual reference to the Scriptures earned him the honorary title of, the evangelical doctor ” His translation of the complete Bible into English is of special note, as it was the only such version available for 150 years. As an early herald of Reformation, he was widely recognized for his impact on medieval society, but too far ahead of his time to break the power of Rome. His followers (Lollards) were cruelly and methodically persecuted almost to ex-tinction, but miraculously he escaped a martyr’s death. Later (in 1428) his bones were exhumed and burned by decree of the Council of Constance
Historical Events
1366 AD – Wycliffe publicly acclaimed for condemning abuses of papacy and its interference in secular affairs of state
1377 – Wycliffe charged with heresy by Pope Gregory XI after years of relentless attacks upon the entire Roman system by tracts and lectures at Oxford. He was later admiringly called “the morning star of the Reformation. ” 1378 – Start of “Great Schism” that divided Catholic Church for 39 years. Two rival popes, Urban VI and Clement VII, were elected and each claimed supreme authority
1388 – Wycliffe’s translation of Bible finished by John Purcey; first complete Bible in English
1401 – England passed its first law against heresy, principally against Lollardy
1408 – John Huss (Bohemia). Openly preached against indulgences and priestly abuses. Denounced by church, stripped of authority to preach, but defended by populace
1409 – Pope Alexander V ordered destruction of all Wycliffe’s writings. Archbishop of Bohemia publicly burned 200 of them
1415 – Council of Constance. Condemned Wycliffe (more than 30 years after his death)
Consigned John Huss to be burned at the stake
1450 – Pope Nicholas V authorized the Portuguese to “attack, subject, and reduce to perpetual slavery the Saracens, pagans, and other enemies of Christ. ” 1453 – Fall of Constantinople to Turks. Ended Eastern Roman Empire and left Roman pope without any serious rival. Europe’s second threat of Moslem control not settled until the Battle of Vienna in 1683
1456 – The Bible published at Mainz by John Gutenberg. One of earliest books printed in Europe
1476 – Pope Sixtus IV gave Inquisition powers to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Tomas de Torquemada, a Dominican monk, carried on the work with zeal and cruelty; named Grand Inquisitor by Pope Innocent VIII in 1487
1491 – Savanarola, friar and statesman of Florence, criticized corruption of clergy. In 1497 he attacked crimes of Pope Alexander VI and spurned offer of cardinal’s hat. In 1498 he was burned at the stake
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\$CHURCH #6\$
Church Name & Characteristics Messenger
6. Philadelphia Martin Luther
(Rev. 3:7-13) (1483-1546) “Brotherly love ”
Highly praised without any reproof whatever: the believers were faithful to Jesus’ name and loyal to the truth message, despite having but “little strength” or power compared to the forces of spiritual darkness all around them
“An open door” (the beginning of a new era, with expanded opportunities for proclaiming the truth) was set before them by their Lord, which none other could close (neither the power of Satan, nor the apostate church, nor any other force)
The Lord’s followers were to be kept safe from the hour of testing (probably the special trials in the time of trouble at the close or harvest of the Gospel Age) coming upon the entire world (beginning with the church) because “they kept the word of my patience” (they were persistently faithful through their own severe trials of faith). They were urged to hold fast to the truth and thereby retain their crown of life; for they were assured that their Lord would “come quickly” to receive them unto himself
The overcomer was promised eventually to be worshipped by the false brethren “of the synagogue of Satan” (those ensnared by the defiling of the Adversary) and to be made “a pillar in the Temple of God” (a vital and prominent part of the true temple – the church of Christ). The names of God and of the New Jerusalem were to be written on him, as well as a new name given by Jesus
Promising young German scholar who providentially turned from pursuing a lucrative legal career to take on the austere life of a monk, a decision destined to alter the course of world history. As a student and later a priest and doctor of theology, he became enraptured with the Bible but startled by what he found: the source of divine authority was the Bible itself, not the church; and salvation was attained by faith in God through Christ (Rom. 5:1; 1:17), not by rituals, sacraments, or penances. In 1508 he became a respected teacher at the University of Wittenberg and began preaching sermons that attracted wide attention. Based upon encouraging themes of God’s love and the assurance of salvation by faith, they contrasted sharply with the speculative philosophies and infidelity of the schoolmen
Luther was gifted with mental genius, reasoning ability, energy, dedication and an eloquent manner, all of which stood him well in his growing role of reformer. Tetzel’s sale of indulgences in Germany, offering pardon for sins, prompted Luther’s break with Rome in 1517 and the issuance of his 95 theses against papal authority
These created a sensation throughout the land and shook the very foundation of the church. In 1520 he continued his defiant stance by publicly burning the pope’s bull excommunicating him
This was followed in 1520-21 by three great tracts clarifying his main beliefs
His Open Letter Concerning the State held that secular power was ordained of God and included overseeing the church and enforcing reform of its abuses; it thus struck a bold blow against the papal concept of ruling both church and state. In The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, he attacked the spirit whole sacramental system, especially the Mass, and asserted that there were but two valid ordinances, Baptism and the Lord’s Supper. He saw no biblical basis for popes or priests and believed that all members of the body of Christ were equal before God. He symbolized this “priesthood of believers” concept by introducing congregational hymn singing and conducting services in German instead of Latin
In 1521 he was asked to defend his beliefs before the Diet of Worms, a prestigious gathering of princes and clerics called by Charles V, emperor of Germany. Luther’s presence there excited widespread interest: papal forces called for his censure but popular sentiment demanded a fair hearing. When the Diet called upon Luther to recant, with dignity he replied, “I cannot retract any teaching except it be disproved by Scripture or by reason ” His ensuing banishment by the pro-Catholic emperor forced him into brief retirement at Wartburg Castle under the protectorship of Frederick, the elector of Saxony. There, assisted by his friend Melanchthon, he translated the New Testament into German, later published in 1534
Luther clearly was the moving force of the Reformation, whose daring life forever shattered the medieval church and emphasized the rightful place of the Bible. He stands foremost among those called to lead God’s people out of the darkness of the middle ages into the light of a purer faith and a clearer understanding of truth
Historical Events
1514 AD – Lateran Council began reform of church abuses; announced triumph over all heresies
1517 – Luther posted 95 theses at Wittenberg: “the spark that set Europe aflame ” Followed by powerful sermons and writings that boldly attacked papacy and led to founding of widespread protest movements
1521 – Diet of Worms condemned Luther as a heretic. Pope Leo X gave title “Defender of the Faith” to England’s Henry VIII for refuting Luther
1534 – King Henry VIII separated from Church of Rome for its refusal to annul his first marriage
1536 – Anabaptists tortured and slain in Miinster
– William Tyndale, English Bible translator, condemned by papacy and strangled at the stake
1537 – Menno Simons, Mennonite leader. Forbade taking of oaths or killing. Rejected non-biblical terms
1541 – John Calvin, banished from Paris, made Geneva focal point of Protestantism in Europe
1545-1563 – Council of Trent met to reform church under Jesuit guidance. Adopted revised creed and launched Catholic “counter reformation ” Placed tradition of churchmen equal in authority to that of the Bible and officially added Apocryphal books
1555 – Peace of Augsburg. Compromise allowed princes to decide religion of their territories
1556 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, burned at stake for renouncing Church of Rome
1559 – Pope Pius IV urged extermination of Huguenots in France (about 400,000 Protestants who had accepted Luther’s teachings)
1563 – Anglican Church adopted “Thirty-Nine Articles ” A mix of Protestant dogma and Catholic liturgy
1572 – French Catholics massacred 70,000 Huguenots in Paris on St. Bartholomew’s Day (Aug
23). Led Pope Gregory XIII to celebrate Mass of thanksgiving, proclaim a Jubilee, and memorialize the event with a new medal and paintings near Sistine Chapel
1598 – Edict of Nantes. Granted freedom of worship to Huguenots in France after 40 years of relentless persecution. (Edict was revoked in 1685, prompting 500,000 Huguenots to flee to Protestant lands ) 16th century – Widespread Reformation movement crystallized lengthy effort to restore Bible truths. Led to founding of Protestant churches and first major setback for papacy. Leaders were Luther, Zwingli, Calvin and Knox. Ended Middle Ages and changed complexion of Europe
Historical Events
1611 – King James Bible published (London). Work of 47 scholars stood virtually alone for over 300 years as only Protestant Bible in English-speaking lands. Single most influential book in history of the world
1641 – Irish Catholics massacred 30,000 Protestants
1648 – Peace of Westphalia: ended 30 Years’ War and fixed boundaries of Catholic and Protestant states
1703-1791 – John Wesley. Preached to masses in fields and streets. Raised moral tone of England
1775 – Rising tide of public opinion against papacy. Influenced by Nationalism and Enlightenment in France and England
1789-1799 – French Revolution. Opened era menacing to religion but especially undermined papacy. Napoleon Bonaparte’s humiliations of Pope Pius VI hastened the pope’s death as prisoner in France (1799). Marked low point and second major setback for papacy (ending of 3-1/2 times of Daniel 12:6,7)
1806 – Napoleon forced an end to the “Holy Roman Empire” that had existed since 800 A D
1799-1829 – Religious awakening in Europe and America. Spurred renewed interest in Bible and revealed need for cleansing errors of past. New groups founded; Bible societies began distributing Bibles widely and cheaply in common languages
1829-1844 – “Millerite Movement” (Eastern U S ). Aroused widespread interest in Bible prophecies of end times. Thorough in its reforms, it prepared sincere believers for further blessings
(Movement began at the ending of 1290 days of Daniel 12:10,11 ) 1846 – Evangelical Alliance (London). Forerunner of ecumenical movement. Consolidated beliefs of evangelical churches and stressed orthodox doctrines. Caused non-conforming groups (“sects”) to fall into disrepute. (End of 2300 days of Daniel 8:13,14, when “sanctuary” class was “cleansed “) 1854 – Doctrine of Immaculate Conception of Virgin Mary proclaimed by Pope Pius IX
1859 – Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species popularized theory of evolution
– Revolutionized thinking worldwide and greatly weakened influence of religion
1870 – King Victor Emanuel of Italy stripped papacy of all remaining temporal power in Rome and “papal states ” Marked third major setback for papacy
– Doctrine of Papal Infallibility in matters of faith and morals proclaimed by Vatican Council
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\$Church #7\$
Church Name & Characteristics Messenger
Laodicea Charles T. Russell (Rev. 3:1-6) (1320-1384)
7. Laodicea (Rev. 3:14-22) “Justice for the people” and “Judged people ”
Strongly condemned: the believers were lukewarm in their deeds (“neither cold nor hot”), self-satisfied and deluded
They considered themselves rich and prosperous by worldly standards, though actually spiritually “wretched, poor, naked and blind’ (in a state of confusion, lacking the true riches of divine grace and truth, unmindful of God’s plan of blessing or its stage of development, and immersed in worldly pursuits)
Therefore, they were to be “spued Out Of (Jesus’) mouth” (cast out of divine favor as the Lord’s spokesman)
They were urged to respond to Jesus’ reproofs, repent of their sins and regain their spiritual integrity and zeal. They were counseled “to buy of [him] gold tried in the fire” (to obtain true heavenly riches and the divine nature at the cost of self-sacrifice, trial, and suffering for Christ); to obtain “white raiment for clothing” (the robe of Christ’s righteousness)-, and to “anoint (their) eyes with eyesalve” (use present truth to appreciate the unfolding of God’s plan of blessing and the significance of end-time events). And finally they were invited to open to the knock and voice of Jesus as (to recognize their returned Lord by the fulfillment of Bible time prophecies) and to sup with him (be privileged to partake of his fellowship in rich Spiritual feasting)
Charles T. Russell (1852-1916)
Successful young Christian businessman who was troubled with the failure of church creeds to depict the noble character of God. Only by examining the Bible directly was he able to discover an all-wise, powerful, loving and just Creator, worthy of devotion and worship. When he perceived God’s comprehensive plan of salvation to bless the human race (Eph. 1:9,10; Psa. 72), he devoted his life to the full-time ministry
In 1876 he was elected Pastor of an Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Bible class and began a period of intense study and formulation of beliefs. He preferred the topical method and by rightly dividing the Bible according to symbols, parables, types and time periods was able to strike complete harmony in its teachings. In 1879 he began publishing a monthly religious journal, Zion’s Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence, which for almost 40 years became one of the mainstays of the Bible Student Movement which he launched. In 1886 came the first of a series of Studies in the Scriptures entitled The Divine Plan of the Ages, which reached the phenomena] circulation of six million. His voluminous writings were characterized by an easy flowing style that contrasted sharply with the complex theological treatises of his day and were well received
Pastor Russell became widely known by his weekly sermons published in 2,000 city newspapers across the country. Hundreds of autonomous Bible study groups elected him as their pastor; they appreciated his doctrine, his exemplary manner of life and his warm, kind personality. He gave great emphasis to faith in the atoning sacrifice of Christ as fundamental to The overcomer was promised to be seated with Jesus in his throne (symbol of rulership in the Messianic Kingdom), even as Jesus was privileged to sit in his Father’s throne (symbol of universal dominion, glory And power)
all hope of future life. He also taught that full conversion of the world awaited the development of the elect class joint heirs with Christ; that together, Christ and his church would administer a future earthly Kingdom to bring the opportunity for salvation to the remainder of mankind, including all who have died
Pastor Russell traveled constantly as public lecturer and as preacher to many of the congregations that had elected him as their beloved pastor. In 1914 he climaxed his 40 year ministry by producing The Photo Drama of Creation, a unique state-of-the-art audio visual production depicting God’s dealings with mankind-past, present and future. It was successfully shown to over ten million viewers in major cities at home and abroad
Despite his appeal to the general populace, his work was vigorously opposed by most church ministers. They frowned at his lack of denominational training and de-emphasis of church organization. They continued to defend the orthodox doctrines of hell-fire, Trinity and the inherent immortality of the soul which he denounced as pagan concepts that lacked biblical authority
Pastor Russell’s prodigious writings continue to be valued for their lucid explanation of the Bible and revealing of the plan of God for man’s uplift. He brought an awareness of end times and of an expectation of grand prophetic fulfillments, including the imminent establishment of God’s long-promised Kingdom on earth
Historical Events
1874 AD – Beginning of our Lord’s Parousia (invisible presence). Marked by “blessedness” at end of “1335 days” of Daniel 12:12-an outpouring of spiritual truths not seen since the days of the early church. Opened modem era benefiting from industrial progress, knowledge explosion, rapid travel and increased wealth, but also led to global unrest, wars and conflicts. (Daniel 12:1,4) 1876 – “Bible Student Movement” founded by Pastor C. T. Russell in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Rapidly expanded to local congregations across U S. and convention gatherings in large cities. Discarded errors of Dark Ages and stressed importance of Christ’s ransom sacrifice, the high calling of Gospel Age, Christ’s invisible presence in harvest of age and God’s plan to culminate in restitution blessings for all mankind
Late 19th century – “Higher Criticism ” A movement of scholars mainly from Germany that analyzed Bible from literary and historical aspects. Despite claims of constructively identifying sources and methods of Bible authors, it seriously undermined authority and inspiration of Scriptures
Early 20th century – Struggle between “Modernism” and “Fundamentalism”: a radical weakening of traditional beliefs vs. a reaffirmation of orthodoxy. One repudiated miracles, the fall of man, need of atonement and the resurrection; the other sought to define basics of the faith and expose evolution, higher criticism and “cults ” Invoked bitter controversy, with liberal views prevailing until recent times
1914 – Outbreak of World War 1. Shattered hopes of building a modem society without war. Witnessed end of theory of ‘divine right of kings” with collapse of old ruling houses of Europe. (End of “Times of Gentiles” prophecy, Luke 21:24 ) 1925 – “Monkey” trial of John Scopes, biology teacher, at Dayton, Tennessee
Widely publicized test case to determine legality of state laws forbidding teaching evolution in public schools. Both the prosecutor William J. Bryan (a noted statesman) and the defender Clarence Darrow (a famous lawyer) volunteered their services. Scopes was fined but belief in creation was so ridiculed that the state laws became outmoded
1929 – Lateran Treaty: Italy recognized international sovereignty of Holy See, with pope as temporal head of Vatican State (108 acres). Papacy reimbursed for earlier loss of “Papal States ” Led to establishing of diplomatic relations between Vatican and all major governments except U S. and Russia
1929-1930’s – Pope Pius XI worked out 18 concordats (agreements) with European powers to ensure Roman church’s spiritual authority over Catholics in their respective lands and freedom from secular control
1939 – Outbreak of World War 11. Caused global disruptions that contributed greatly to moral breakdown of society and weakening of religious restraints
1948 – Birth of World Council of Churches (Amsterdam). Ensuing conferences held in Evanston (1954), New Delhi (1961), Uppsala (1968), Nairobi (1975) and Vancouver (1983)
A fellowship of over 250 churches-Protestant, Anglican and Greek Orthodox -from over 90 countries, organized to discuss urgent problems of practical Christianity. Gave tremendous impetus to ecumenical movement
Mid 20th century – Papacy regained level of world prestige not seen since Middle Ages
Enhanced by diplomatic ties, attention-gathering encyclicals and media coverage of Vatican events
1962-1965 – Second Vatican Council (Rome). Colorful, highly publicized gathering of Catholic bishops from around the world, initiated by Pope John XXIII. Updated church government, practices and liturgy. Dramatically altered previous opposition to ecumenism and laid groundwork for dialogue with Protestant groups-now called “separated brethren ”
1963 – Pope John XXIII issued encyclical, Peace on Earth. Termed by President of U N
General Assembly as “a guiding beacon in a world anxiously searching for concord and understanding ”
1965 – Pope Paul VI’s enthusiastic reception at U N. in New York. “No more war; war never again!” climaxed his appeal to General Assembly. Greatly enhanced his image as Christianity’s leading spokesman on intemational affairs
1968 – Pope Paul VI’s encyclical banning artificial birth control. Stirred worldwide turmoil within Catholicism and opened dissent in other areas, including papal infallibility and celibacy of priests. Pope Paul unable to heal rift during his pontificate
1970 – Surge of Fundamentalism. Churches stressing Bible teachings and traditional values began gaining members while mainline modemist bodies suffered losses. Efforts made to introduce Creationism into public school texts. By 1980, movement gained political strength and boosted Reagan presidency
1970 – Growth of “electronic churches ” Start of era of mass marketing of religion by handful of television preachers who were catapulted to power and prominence. Leaders included Billy Graham, Jerry Falwell, Jim Bakker, Pat Robertson, Robert Schuller, Jimmy Swaggart and Oral Roberts. By 1985, a dozen televangelism ministries approached $100 million each in annual operating budgets
1979 – Pope John Paul 11 began a series of worldwide good-will visits that would make him the most traveled pontiff in history. In Istanbul (former Constantinople), Turkey, he proposed reunion with Dimitrios 1, the ruling patriarch of 150 million Eastern Orthodox believers, attempting to heal Christianity’s oldest major schism (since 1054). 1982 – World Council of Churches’ doctrinal proposal. A compromise on Baptism, Eucharist and the ministry that culminated decades of effort to harmonize irreconcilable views. If approved, promises to be greatest advance in unity since before Reformation
– Pope John Paul 11’s historic trip to England. He proposed reunification of the Anglican Church (65 million) with Roman Catholic (764 million), under headship of pope. Churches separated since 1534
1984 – U S. established formal diplomatic relations with the Vatican despite protests from fundamentalists
1985 – “Jesus Seminar” founded in U S. A group of over 100 liberal professors from major seminaries and religious colleges. Use “higher critical” methods to dispute authenticity of Jesus’ sayings in Gospels
1987 – Widespread scandals among top T V. evangelists. Disclosures of immorality and misuse of vast contributions weakened popular support. Both religious and political arms of fundamentalist movement severely shaken
– Pope John Paul 11’s extensive tour of U S. Favorable media coverage boosted his popular appeal. He appeared as a credible, likeable leader, promoting social justice and traditional church dogma
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Section Two -Placement of the Seven Churches and Messengers on the Stream of History
Background and Explanation of Table B
(a) EUROPEAN BIBLE F-XPOSITORS
At the close of the 18th century, there was a rising tide of interest in Bible prophecy on both sides of the Atlantic, particularly in Great Britain and in America. A British study published anonymously at the height of the French Revolution summarized various views held by eight well-known European Bible scholars, including John Gill, Thomas Newton, Pierre Jurieu, and Robert Fleming, Jr. It appeared under the title, Prophetic Conjectures on the French Revolution, but in content was much more extensive and covered the whole of Revelation as well as portions of Daniel. It was reprinted at Philadelphia in 1794 and was immediately sold out, attesting to the deep and growing interest of Americans in prophetic matters. It contained the historical scope of the seven churches as summarized in the table. (See L. E. Froom, The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers, Vol. IV, pp. 108-113 )
(b) VITRINGA
Vitringa is one of the expositors of “a former age” mentioned by E. B. Elliott; we can only guess at his era, probably the previous, or 18th century. Elliott provides diagrams of the views of both Vitringa and a contemporary commentator, Mr. Trotter. (See E. B. Elliott, op. cit , pp. 76-78 ) Vitringa offers a surprisingly detailed chronological overview, with divisions that appear well laid out. The chief drawback to his layout seems to arise in the very first era, which he shows as extending to 250 A D. Few students of church history would agree that the desirable condition of purity in doctrine and practice extended for more than just a few short years during the primitive or early church
(c) TROTTER
Troffer is identified by Elliott as a member of the Church of the Brethren at York, England, who published his views on chronology and the “prefigurative” character of the messages to the Seven Churches in a work entitled, Plain Papers on Prophetic and Other Subjects in 1854. (See E. B. Elliott, loc. cit ) Trotter’s outline seems unusual in that it appears quite tenable in the early stages of the church but its descriptions for Sardis and Philadelphia seem noticeably lacking
Since the Reformation period is wholly omitted and Philadelphia is described as a “feeble remnant,” one almost wonders if an error might not have been made in transcribing from the original source
(d) SABBATARIAN ADVENTISTS
Among the leading spokesmen of the Sabbatarian Adventists in the formative period 1844-1875, immediately following the Millerite Movement, were James White, Joseph Bates, John N. Andrews, Hiram Edson, and Uriah Smith. They gave particular emphasis to the study of the Book of Revelcltion, with its portrayals of the seven churches, seals, trumpets, wit